The medulla oblongata, located in the lower part of the brainstem, plays a crucial role in regulating several vital functions necessary for survival. Its primary functions include:

1. Regulation of cardiovascular functions: The medulla controls heart rate and blood pressure by influencing the heart and blood vessels.
2. Respiratory control: It regulates the rate and depth of breathing by responding to changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood.
3. Reflex actions: The medulla coordinates reflexes such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.
4. Motor and sensory relay: It acts as a pathway for nerve signals traveling between the brain and the spinal cord, facilitating the transmission of motor and sensory information.
5. Autonomic control: The medulla oversees functions like digestion and glandular secretions through the autonomic nervous system.

Overall, the medulla oblongata is essential for autonomic functions that are critical for maintaining homeostasis.