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  1. Asked: October 15, 2024In:

    Give reason why a person walks clumsily after consuming alcohol?

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    A person walks clumsily after consuming alcohol primarily because alcohol affects the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and posture. Here are the key reasons: Cerebellar impairment: Alcohol slows down the activity of neurons in the cerebellum, disruptiRead more

    A person walks clumsily after consuming alcohol primarily because alcohol affects the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and posture. Here are the key reasons:

    1. Cerebellar impairment: Alcohol slows down the activity of neurons in the cerebellum, disrupting its ability to coordinate fine motor movements, leading to poor balance and clumsy walking, a condition known as ataxia.
    2. Slowed reaction times: Alcohol impairs the brain’s communication pathways, reducing the speed at which signals are transmitted between the brain and muscles. This delay in response results in uncoordinated or jerky movements.
    3. Impaired judgment and motor control: Alcohol affects the frontal lobe of the brain, which is involved in planning and controlling movement. This leads to difficulty in judging distances and regulating walking patterns, contributing to unsteady movement.

    Together, these effects of alcohol on the cerebellum, motor control, and reaction times make walking difficult and unsteady after alcohol consumption.

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  2. Asked: October 15, 2024In:

    Death occurs with injury to medulla oblongata. Give reason

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    Death occurs with injury to the medulla oblongata because it controls many of the body's most vital, life-sustaining functions, such as: Cardiovascular regulation: The medulla controls heart rate and blood pressure. Damage to it can disrupt the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, leading to cRead more

    Death occurs with injury to the medulla oblongata because it controls many of the body’s most vital, life-sustaining functions, such as:

    1. Cardiovascular regulation: The medulla controls heart rate and blood pressure. Damage to it can disrupt the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively, leading to cardiovascular failure.
    2. Respiratory control: The medulla regulates breathing. Injury to this area can cause respiratory arrest, as the body loses its ability to maintain regular, involuntary breathing.
    3. Autonomic reflexes: The medulla is responsible for essential reflexes such as coughing, swallowing, and vomiting. Impairment can disrupt these reflexes, increasing the risk of aspiration or choking.

    Since these functions are crucial for survival, severe injury to the medulla oblongata is often fatal because the body can no longer maintain the necessary functions for life.

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  3. Asked: October 15, 2024In:

    What is the functions of medulla oblongata?

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    The medulla oblongata, located in the lower part of the brainstem, plays a crucial role in regulating several vital functions necessary for survival. Its primary functions include: Regulation of cardiovascular functions: The medulla controls heart rate and blood pressure by influencing the heart andRead more

    The medulla oblongata, located in the lower part of the brainstem, plays a crucial role in regulating several vital functions necessary for survival. Its primary functions include:

    1. Regulation of cardiovascular functions: The medulla controls heart rate and blood pressure by influencing the heart and blood vessels.
    2. Respiratory control: It regulates the rate and depth of breathing by responding to changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood.
    3. Reflex actions: The medulla coordinates reflexes such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.
    4. Motor and sensory relay: It acts as a pathway for nerve signals traveling between the brain and the spinal cord, facilitating the transmission of motor and sensory information.
    5. Autonomic control: The medulla oversees functions like digestion and glandular secretions through the autonomic nervous system.

    Overall, the medulla oblongata is essential for autonomic functions that are critical for maintaining homeostasis.

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  4. Asked: October 15, 2024In:

    What is synaptic fatigue?

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    Synaptic fatigue, also known as synaptic depression, refers to the temporary decrease in synaptic efficiency following prolonged or repetitive stimulation of a synapse. It occurs when the presynaptic neuron depletes its supply of neurotransmitters faster than it can replenish them. As a result, feweRead more

    Synaptic fatigue, also known as synaptic depression, refers to the temporary decrease in synaptic efficiency following prolonged or repetitive stimulation of a synapse. It occurs when the presynaptic neuron depletes its supply of neurotransmitters faster than it can replenish them. As a result, fewer neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, reducing the strength of the signal transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron.

    This phenomenon acts as a protective mechanism, preventing overstimulation of neurons and allowing the synapse time to recover. Synaptic fatigue is commonly observed during high-frequency stimulation and can influence neural plasticity, learning, and memory.

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  5. Asked: October 15, 2024In:

    What is synaptic delay?

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    Synaptic delay refers to the time it takes for a signal to pass across a synapse in the nervous system. This delay occurs during the transmission of information from one neuron to another, typically involving the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron, their diffusion across the syRead more

    Synaptic delay refers to the time it takes for a signal to pass across a synapse in the nervous system. This delay occurs during the transmission of information from one neuron to another, typically involving the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron, their diffusion across the synaptic cleft, and the subsequent activation of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

    The synaptic delay usually lasts about 0.5 to 1 millisecond and is a key factor in determining how quickly neural circuits can process information. This delay can be influenced by factors such as the type of neurotransmitter, the distance across the synapse, and the speed at which the neurotransmitters are released and received.

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  6. Asked: October 7, 2024In:

    Enlist any two functions of cerebrospinal fluid.

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    The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has several important functions, including: 1. Protection: CSF acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, absorbing shocks and preventing injury from sudden movements or impacts. 2. Nutrient Transport and Waste Removal: CSF helps transport nutrients to the brain aRead more

    The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has several important functions, including:

    1. Protection: CSF acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, absorbing shocks and preventing injury from sudden movements or impacts.

    2. Nutrient Transport and Waste Removal: CSF helps transport nutrients to the brain and removes waste products from brain metabolism, maintaining a healthy environment for neural function.

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  7. Asked: October 5, 2024In:

    Name the meaninges of brain and spinal cord?

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    The meninges are protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. There are three layers of meninges, each with a specific function: Dura Mater: The outermost layer. It is thick, tough, and fibrous, providing strong protection for the brain and spinal cord. In the brain, it is attachedRead more

    The meninges are protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. There are three layers of meninges, each with a specific function:

    1. Dura Mater:
      • The outermost layer.
      • It is thick, tough, and fibrous, providing strong protection for the brain and spinal cord. In the brain, it is attached to the inner surface of the skull, while in the spinal cord, it is separated from the vertebrae by the epidural space.
    2. Arachnoid Mater:
      • The middle layer.
      • It is a thin, web-like membrane that lies beneath the dura mater. The space between the arachnoid and pia mater is called the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that cushions the brain and spinal cord.
    3. Pia Mater:
      • The innermost layer.
      • This delicate membrane adheres closely to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, following their contours. It helps in nourishing the brain and spinal cord by holding blood vessels that supply these structures.

    These layers provide physical protection, help regulate the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, and create a barrier against infections.

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  8. Asked: October 5, 2024In:

    What is reflex are?

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    A reflex arc is the neural pathway that controls a reflex action. It allows the body to respond to stimuli automatically, without conscious thought. Reflex arcs involve the following components: Receptor: Detects the stimulus (e.g., pain or stretch). Sensory Neuron: Carries the signal from the recepRead more

    A reflex arc is the neural pathway that controls a reflex action. It allows the body to respond to stimuli automatically, without conscious thought. Reflex arcs involve the following components:

    1. Receptor: Detects the stimulus (e.g., pain or stretch).
    2. Sensory Neuron: Carries the signal from the receptor to the spinal cord or brainstem.
    3. Integration Center: Processes the signal, often in the spinal cord, without involving the brain for quick response.
    4. Motor Neuron: Sends the response signal from the integration center to the effector organ.
    5. Effector: The muscle or gland that responds by contracting or secreting, respectively.

    Reflexes help protect the body by allowing rapid responses to potentially harmful stimuli. Examples include the knee-jerk reflex and the withdrawal reflex from touching something hot.

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  9. Asked: October 4, 2024In:

    Enlist any two functions of cerebellum.

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    Two functions of the cerebellum are: Coordination of Movement: The cerebellum is essential for the coordination and smooth execution of voluntary movements. It helps regulate muscle tone, balance, and posture during activities. Motor Learning: The cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor learning byRead more

    Two functions of the cerebellum are:

    1. Coordination of Movement: The cerebellum is essential for the coordination and smooth execution of voluntary movements. It helps regulate muscle tone, balance, and posture during activities.
    2. Motor Learning: The cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor learning by refining movements based on sensory feedback. It helps in the acquisition and adjustment of motor skills, allowing for improved performance over time.
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  10. Asked: October 4, 2024In:

    Enlist any two functions of diencephalon.

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    Two functions of the diencephalon are: Sensory Relay: The diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory information (except for smell) before it reaches the cerebral cortex. It processes and forwards signals related to vision, hearing, taste, and touch. Regulation of Homeostasis: It plays a cruciRead more

    Two functions of the diencephalon are:

    1. Sensory Relay: The diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory information (except for smell) before it reaches the cerebral cortex. It processes and forwards signals related to vision, hearing, taste, and touch.
    2. Regulation of Homeostasis: It plays a crucial role in regulating various homeostatic functions, such as temperature control, hunger, thirst, and sleep-wake cycles, primarily through the hypothalamus.
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